CODE BLUE: Online Index

CODE BLUE: Inside America’s Medical Industrial Complex

INDEX: (Printable version)

AARP, 282–284, 297

Abbott Labs, 168

ABC, 253–254

abortion. See also Christian Right

Christian Right and, 203–206, 208–210

state legal barriers to, 7, 203
academic research. See also government funding

of medical research; National Institutes of

   Health (NIH); research ethics on ADHD, 171
   genomics research of University of Pennsylvania, 51–54
   hospitals as academic research centers, 103–105, 120
   as intertwined with pharmaceutical industry, 12–13, 51–54
   Lilly and University of Toronto, 26–27 of novel therapies, 301–302
   physician training and, 19–20, 70, 315

reform proposal for, 315–316
tobacco industry and, 158–160

Accountable Care Organization, 296

accreditation, of hospitals, 98–103, 320

ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power), 217–219

Adams, John, 33

Adams, Samuel Hopkins, 34

Adderall (Rexar), 169–170, 173, 174

Aetna

Affordable Care Act and, 292
CVS purchase of, 148–149, 182, 288

Medicare Advantage investigation, 121 profit margin of, 122

Affordable Care Act. See Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)

A.H. Robins, 270

AIDS/HIV

pharmaceutical industry on, 217–221

Reagan administration on, 212–217

Albers Medical, 287

Alberty Food Products Co. v. United States (1950), 41

alcohol poisoning, 307

Alexander, Caleb, 307

Alexis (Amazon), 149

Allergan, 180–181, 329

Alliance Pharmaceutical, 287

allopathic medicine, defined, 17

Allott, Gordon, 205

Amazon, 149

amenable mortality, 302–303

American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP), 291–292

American Academy of Professional Coders, 116

American Association of Health Plans, 281

American Association of Pain Medicine (AAPM), 14
American Cancer Society (ACS)

American Society for the Control of Cancer, 78–79

history of, 24–25

inception of, 78–79, 80

Lasker and, 87

American College of Cardiology, 230

American College of Physicians, 101

American College of Surgeons, 101, 112

American Cyanamid, 43, 326

American Foundation for AIDS Research, 214

American Heart Association, 230, 269

American Home Products, 270

American Hospital Association

on diagnosis related groups, 106
on entrepreneurial research, 120

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and, 100
   on Kerr-Mills Act (1960), 129
   Kraus and, 117
   Medicare Modernization Act (2003) and, 281

American Institute of Homeopathy, 18

American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 167

American Medical Association (AMA), 10–22

Affordable Care Act support by, 11–12, 297

AMA Federation, 13, 77, 177, 242, 315

AMA Political Action Committee, 131

American Academy of Pain Management of, 177
competition reduced by, 16–20
Council on Pharmacy, 24
early pharmaceutical industry supported by, 22–28
on early pharmaceutical regulation, 33, 37–38, 49

founding of, 15

institutional membership of, 13–14

intertwining of, with health care industries, 11–13, 20
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and, 100

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, 101

on Koop, 210

   lobbying budget of, 12
   medical code of ethics and standards by, 15–16
   Medicare Modernization Act (2003) and, 281
   Medicare passage and, 141–145

   membership in, 12, 21–22
   Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association and, 183
   on physician training, 19–20

prescription profiling by, 14–15, 116, 162–164

on Price, 203

   revenue of, 116
   on single-payer health care, 20–21
   on “socialized medicine,” 6, 21, 81, 126–127, 130–140, 156, 321

tobacco industry and, 155–157 Viagra and, 251
Woman’s Auxiliary of, 131, 134

American Pharmaceutical Association, 182–183

American Psychiatric Association (APA), 164, 172

American Psychiatric Society, 59–60

American Public Health Association (APHA), 210

American Radio and Research Corporation (AMRAD), 55–56

American Sickness, An (Rosenthal), 115

American Tobacco Company, 156–157

American Urological Association, 262

AmerisourceBergen, 286

Anderson, Carl, 210

Annis, Edward, 138–139

Anthem, 122

Antibiotics and Chemistry, 162

antidepressants research, 230

Aondoakaa, Michael, 236

Appel, James, 144

“Applied Sciences NYC,” 110

Archives of General Psychiatry, 170

Asclepius, rod of, 10

Association of American Medical Colleges, 203

Atarax (Pfizer), 166–167

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

   in adults, 170–173
   in children, 164–173
   Conners on, 166–171, 173–174

increased diagnoses, 174–175

Australia, health care costs in, 310

Ayerst Laboratories, 270

Azar, Alex, 10–11, 183–184

AZT (Burroughs Wellcome), 218

baby formula, Reagan administration on, 211

Bad Pharma (Goldacre), 240

Balanced Budget Act (1997), 108

Banting, Frederick Grant, 25

Barber, D. Linden, 32

Bard Pharmaceuticals, 175

Basic Cana Manual (Catholic Church), 204

Baucus, Max, 295

Bauer, Gary, 213

Baylor Hospital, 125

BBDO, 171

Beecham Pharmaceuticals, 40

Beecher, Henry K., 226–228

Bell Syndicates, 135–136

Belter, Mrs. (Lasker family’s servant), 76

Bennett, Bill, 214

Benzedrine (Smith, Kline & French), 165–166

Bertillon, Jacques, 115

Berwick, Don, 119–120

Bextra, 274, 328

Bezos, Jeff, 149

Biederman, Joe, 171–173

Big Short, The (Lewis), 4

“biologic equivalency,” 195–196

Biologics Control Act (1902), 33–34

birth control. See also Christian Right

Catholic Church on, 81, 203–205

Lasker on, 77–78, 81
rhythm method and, 204
Viagra and, 254

Birth Control Federation of America, 77

Bishop, J. Michael, 86

Bismarck, Otto von, 124

blood replacement innovation, 58

Blue Cross and Blue Shield inception of, 125

Kerr-Mills Act (1960) and, 129

Medicare passage and, 144

of Texas, 96–97

Bob Jones University, 208–209

Boehner, John, 295

Bonner, Dale, 256

Boston University, 92

Boulware, Lemuel, 132–133

Boys Village of Maryland, 167

Bradley, Charles, 165–166

Brandt, Edward, Jr., 210, 213, 215

Brazil, counterfeit drugs by, 197

Breast Cancer Action, 73

Breggin, Peter, 169

Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 119–120

Bristol Laboratories, 43

Bristol-Myers, 43, 326

Bristol-Myers Squibb, 93, 268

Britain health care costs in, 309–310

health outcomes in, 312
maternal death rate in United States vs., 98

British Journal of Experimental Pathology, 63

British Medical Journal, 45

Brock, Bill, 197–198

Brucker, Paul, 113

Bryant, Anita, 206, 215

Buchanan, Pat, 214

Buckley, William F., 214

Buffett, Warren, 149, 303–304

bupivacaine, 287

Bureau of Medicine, 47

Burroughs Wellcome, 218

Burton, Harold, 70

Bush, George H. W., 216–217, 221

Bush, George W.

Medicare Modernization Act (2003), 276–284

presidential election (2000), 263 407

presidential election (2004), 284

on stem cell research, 221

Bush, Vannevar

Lasker and, 78, 81–83, 88
as Merck chairman, 66–69

Office of Scientific Research and Development established by, 55–57

Science: The Endless Frontier, 64, 88
War Production Board, 1942

penicillin project of, 63–64

Buxtan, Peter, 228

B6 vitamin, 162

caduceus symbol, 10–11

Camel (RJ Reynolds), 156, 157

Campbell, Walter, 38
Canada

Canadian Medical Association, 101

   health care goals of, 65–66, 123–124, 136–137, 313
   insurance coverage in, 309–310
   maternal death rate in United States vs., 98

   medical bills of elderly in, 308
   physician pay in, 309
   prescription costs in, 280
   research and development in, 74

cancer. See also tobacco

American Cancer Society, 24–25, 80, 87

American Society for the Control of Cancer, 78–79
mortality rates from, 73
National Cancer Act (1971), 65, 85

National Cancer Institute (NCI), 73, 82, 85

National Committee to Review Current Procedures for Approval of New

Drugs for Cancer and AIDS, 21

“War on Cancer” and, 73, 85–86

“Cancer by the Carton” (Reader’s Digest), 157

Cardinal Health, 286

Carnegie Foundation, 19

Carnegie Institute, 56

Carter, Jimmy, 207

Cathcart, Robert, 112

Catholic Church

Christian Right and, 203–205

Lasker and, 81
on Viagra, 256

Catholic Health Initiatives, 117

Celebrex (Pharmacia/Pfizer), 273–275, 289, 327, 328
Celebrezze, Anthony, 49–50, 143

Celgene, 295

Center for the Study of Drug Development (CSDD)
“drug lag” and, 189–194, 219–222

   founding of, 187–189
   General Agreement on Tariff and Trade and, 199
   Lasagna’s background, 184–187
   as leading to MIC as equal parts politics and science, 199–200
   patent law changes and, 194–197

   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ADHD and, 164, 173, 174
   on AIDS, 212–213
   on life expectancy, 306

on New England Compounding Center, 29 reform for, 320–321
WWII funding, 66

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. See also Medicaid; Medicare

AMA and billing by, 12
billing and coding, 116
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and, 99, 100 cGMP, 244–245

Chain, Ernst Boris, 63–64

Chandler, Bob, 250–251

Charter Med, 285

Chassin, Mark, 99, 103

Chemie Grünenthal, 43

Chicco, Gianfranco, 250–251

Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD), 165, 168

cholesterol drugs. See statins

Christian Broadcasting Network, 207–208

Christian Coalition, 208

Christian Herald, 157

Christian Medical Society, 205

Christian Right, 201–222

Bush (George H. W.)

administration and, 216–217, 221

Bush (George W.) administration and, 221

Catholic Church and, 203–205

Evangelical Christians on health policy, 205–209

pharmaceutical industry and, 217–221

Reagan administration and, 209–216

religious orthodoxy vs. scientific fact, 201–202

Trump administration and, 202–203, 221–222

CIBA, 167

Cigna Express Scripts and, 287–288

Medicare Advantage investigation, 121

profit margin of, 122

Circulation, 230

Citizens for the Treatment of High Blood Pressure, 84

citric acid, early use of, 23

Civil Rights Act (1964), 140, 143

Clarke, A. Grant, 156

Clemente, Constantine “Lou”

at Pfizer, 247–248, 272, 277, 324

TRIPS and, 197–200

Cleveland, Clement, 78

ClinicalTrials.gov, 240–241, 316

Clinton, Bill

health care reform attempt, 108, 146–147, 294

on Medicare, 278, 279

pharmaceutical advertising and, 252

on Tuskegee Study, 229

Clinton, Hillary, 292

Clowes, George H. (Alec), 25–26

coding and billing system data management by PBMs vs., 284–288, 313–314

hospital administration and, 96–97, 115–117, 122

Codman, Ernest, 100–101

Cohen, Wilbur, 144

Collier, Peter, 31

Collins, Chris, 91

Collins, Francis, 73

Columbia University/Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, 103–105, 110

compensation hospital CEOs, 104

physicians in United States vs. Canada, 309

physicians’ wages during Great Depression, 105

compounding pharmacies, 29–31

Conant, James B., 56

Concerta (Johnson & Johnson), 170–171, 174

Congress. See government funding of medical research; individual legislation

Conifer, 117

Conners, Keith, 166–171, 173–174

Connor, John T., 50, 67

Constant Gardener, The (film), 1, 231

Continus, 175

contract research organizations (CROs), 237–239

Coors, Joseph, 205

Copeland, Royal, 38

Cordani, David, 287–288

Cornell University, 110

cortisone (Merck), 67, 68

Corwin, Steven, 104–105, 110

Council on Medical Education (CME), 19

Cox, James Middleton, 80

Cox Newspapers (Cox Communications), 80

CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats), 73

CSDD. See Center for the Study of Drug Development

Current Procedural Terminology (CPT), 116

Currie, James, 23

Cutter Laboratories, 41

CVS Aetna purchased by, 148–149, 182, 288

CVS-Caremark, 285
history of, 148
pharmacy benefit managers and, 279

Cyclert (Abbott Labs), 168

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 93

Darkis, F. R., 156

data management, pharmacy benefit managers and, 279, 284–288, 313–314

Davis, Loyal, 132

Davis, Paul, 97

DaVita Inc., 9

DeBakey, Michael, 79, 84, 225

de Vink, Lodewijk J.R., 270–271

Dexedrine (Smith, Kline & French), 166–167

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 61–62, 167, 172

dideoxyinosine, 219

diethylene glycol, 37–40

Dimon, Jamie, 149

Dionne, E. J., 282

Distilled Spirits Council, 92–93

Diuril (Merck), 68

Diversified Pharmaceutical Services, 264–265

Diversified Prescription Delivery, 285

Doctors without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières), 232–234

Dodson, William, 172

Dole, Bob, 259–261, 263–264, 294

Dole, Elizabeth, 263

Donohue, Thomas, 297

“doughnut hole,” 281

Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation, 73

Drew, Charles, 58

Drew, Elizabeth, 87

Driven to Distraction (Hallowell), 168–169

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), 31, 178

“drug lag,” 189–194, 219–222

Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 90–91

Durham-Humphrey Amendment (1951), 41

Eisenberg, Leon, 167

Eisenhower, Dwight, 127–129, 181–182

employer-based insurance hospitals and, 105–111, 124

IRS regulations, 104, 105, 125

self-funding of, 146, 191

employment corporate-employed physicians, 117–118

hospital-employed physicians (2015–2017), 111

insurance industry employment levels, 121–123, 308–309

medical-related jobs and medical performance, 117–120

post-WWII health care staffing, 69–71

Employment Retirement Security Act (ERISA), 106

Ensuring Patient Access and Effective Drug Enforcement Act (2016), 32

erectile dysfunction. See also Viagra (Pfizer)

incidence of, 261–262
as “marker disease,” 257
terminology for, 246

Erhardt, Charles, 23

eteplirsen (Sarepta Therapeutics), 90–91

ethical research. See research ethics

Evangelical Christians on health policy, 205–209. See also Christian Right

Express Scripts, 285, 287–288

Falconer, Robert, 26–27, 215

Falwell, Jerry, 206, 208, 214, 216

Farber, Sidney, 79

Fauci, Tony, 218–219

FDA. See Food and Drug Administration Federal Trade Commission

on antibiotic pricing (1950s), 42–43

on tobacco industry, 156–157

Fleming, Alexander, 63

Flexner, Abraham, 19–20, 100, 103, 105

Flinn, Frederick, 156

Florey, Howard, 63–64

Fogarty, John, 84

Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (1938), 38–39, 225

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

ADHD and, 169–170, 172
AIDS and, 217–219
checks and balances in, 89, 90

FDA Amendment Act (2007), 241–242

FDA Modernization Act (1997), 240–241

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938), 38–39
on gene therapy, 301

inception of, 34–35
Kefauver-Harris Amendment and, 48–50 l

legislation passed (1941–1951), 41

mandate and budget of, 30
OxyContin and, 176
on Pfizer’s transgressions, 327–329

Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), 219–222

reform for, 317, 320–321
research ethics and, 230, 232, 234

Sackler and, 160, 162
sulfanilamide and, 38–40
thalidomide and, 44
Viagra approval by, 251–254

Forand, Aime, 128–129

Ford, Gerald, 146

“forward psychiatry,” 61–62

FOX News, 254

Frakt, Austin, 302

Framingham Heart Study, 268

France

ADHD prescriptions in, 174–175

health care costs in, 309–310

medical bills of elderly in, 308

universal health care in, 2–3, 6

Frances, Allen, 150–151

Franklin, Benjamin, 111, 114

Friedman, Meyer, 158–159

Friedman, Michael, 177

Furlong, Pat, 90–91

Garnier, Jean-Paul, 238

Garthwaite, Craig, 302

Gawande, Atul, 149

gelatin (gel) capsules, early use of, 23, 24

Gelsinger, Jesse, 51–54

General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT, 1994), 199, 247–248

General Electric, 132–133, 136

General Motors, 127

generic drugs. See also pharmaceutical patents

market share (2007), 289

rule changes to, 50, 194–197

gene therapy costs, 301–302

Genovo, 52–54

Geodon (Pfizer), 273

Gephardt, Dick, 277

Germany
health care costs in, 309–310
medical bills of elderly in, 308

research and development in, 74

universal health care in, 2–3, 6, 65–66, 124–125, 137

Geto and de Milly, 87

GI Bill, 70, 101

Gilmartin, Raymond, 9

Giuliani, Rudolph, 177, 260

GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), 40, 238

Glaxo Wellcome, 40

Glimcher, Laurie, 92–93

Goldacre, Ben, 240

“Gold Seal of Approval,” 99

Goldstein, Stanley and Sidney, 182

Goldwater, Barry, 141–142

Gonnella, Joe, 114

gonorrhea, 58

Goodman, Bob, 291–292

Gorman, Mike, 83–84

Gosden, Freeman, 247

Gottlieb, Michael, 212

Gotto, Antonio, 53–54, 93-
government funding of medical research, 51–71.

   (See also National Institutes of Health (NIH)
   academic-industrial entanglement and, 51–54
   government agencies, rise of, 54–62

health care system staffing and, 69–71

pharmaceutical industry growth, 62–69

Grassley, Chuck, 171

gray-market counterfeiters, US, 286–287

Great American Fraud, The (Adams), 34 Great Britain. See Britain

Griggs, Roger, 169–170

Hahnemann, Samuel, 17–18

Hallowell, Edward, 168–169

Hansen, Arild E., 162

Hanson, Frederick R., 60

Harding, Warren, 77, 80

Hardwick, Chuck, 277

Harris, Lou, 141

Harrison Narcotic Act (1914), 35

Harvard University, 230

Hassan, Fred, 274

Hatch, Orrin, 195–196, 220

Hatch-Waxman Act (1984), 195–196

Healey, Bernardine, 89

Health Maintenance Organization Act (1973), 105–106

health maintenance organizations (HMOs), 20, 146

Health Net, 121

Health Professions Educational Assistance Act (1963), 139–140

Heckler, Margaret, 213–215

Helms, Jesse, 209–212, 216

Heritage Foundation, 122, 205–206, 248

Hernandez, Esmeralda, 95–96

“heroic medicine,” 16–17

Hershey, Lewis B., 60

Hill, John, 154–155

Hill, Lister, 70, 84

Hill & Knowlton, 154–155, 157

Hill-Burton Act (Hospital Survey and Construction Act, 1946), 70, 101, 105, 114

History of the Standard Oil Company, The (Tarbell), 34

Hobby, Oveta Culp, 128

Hoffman–LaRoche, 161–162, 235

“Hollywood Star vs. JFK” (Pearson), 135–136

homeopathy,

AMA on, 17, 20, 21

Hopkins, Scott, 232, 233

Horrigan, Edward, 212

hospitals, 95–120

as academic research centers, 103–105, 120

closings, in 1990s, 264–265
coding and billing system of, 96–97, 115–117, 122

diagnosis related groups,(DRGs) 106, 115

employer-based insurance industry and, 105–111

Hill-Burton (1946)

goal for, 101, 114

human error made by, 95–96
as intertwined with other health care sectors, 12–13

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 98–103, 320

medical debt/bankruptcy and, 117

as Medical Industrial Complex pillar, 299–300

medical-related jobs and medical performance, 117–120

post-WWII staffing of, 70–71

preventable deaths caused by, 97–98, 104, 119–120 segregation of, 143

top-admitter physicians and surgeons of, 111–114

Hospital Survey and Construction Act. See Hill-Burton Act

Huber, Valerie, 203

Huckabee, Mike, 259

Hughes, Charles Evan, 26–27

Hughes, Elizabeth, 26–27

Humalog, 10–11

Humana

Affordable Care Act and, 292

Medicare Advantage investigation, 121

profit margin of, 122

Humphrey, Hubert, 41, 138, 140, 143

hydrocodone. See opioid epidemic

IBM, 197–198

ICON, 239

Ignarro, Louis, 244–245

Independent Payment Advisory Board (IPAB), 296

India, counterfeit drugs by, 197

informed consent, 223–224, 227–229, 231–232

Innate Immunotherapeutics, 91

Institute of Medicine, 97, 308
insulin

history of, 25–28

price rise from 2014 to 2015, 10–11 I

Insulin Amendment (1941), 40

insurance industry. See also Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA);

universal health insurance; See also individual names of insurance companies

birth control coverage by, 254
coverage statistics, 125, 127, 136
“defined contribution” vs. “defined benefit,” 108
employer-based insurance, 104, 105–111, 124, 125, 146, 191
employment levels by, 121–123, 308–309 health maintenance organizations, 20, 105–106, 146
hospital billing and coding, 96–97, 115–117, 122

hospitals and employer-based insurance industry, 105–111, 124
as Medical Industrial Complex pillar, 299–300
profit margin of, 122

public’s understanding of health insurance terms, 8

size of total insurance sector, 308

Viagra coverage, 254–258

intellectual property. See pharmaceutical patents

Intellectual Property Committee (IPC, US Council on Business), 198–199

International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, 241

International Rescue Committee, 325

International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (ICD), 115–117

international trade

General Agreement on Tariff and Trade, 199

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property, 197–199

International Transfusion Association, 58

IRS (Internal Revenue Service)

Bob Jones University and, 209

employer-based insurance and, 104, 105, 125

Irukera, Babatunde, 236

James, John J., 97–98

Japan, universal health care of, 65–66, 124, 137

Jewett, Frank B., 56

Johnson, Lyndon B., 140–145

Johnson, Timothy, 253–254

Johnson & Johnson, 170–171, 174

Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies, 308

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), 98–103

Jones, Bob, Jr., 209

Jones, Bob, Sr., 208–209

Jorgensen, Else Finnich (Sackler), 151–152, 161

Journal of Attention Disorders, 171

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychobiology, 154

Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 172

Journal of Patient Safety, 97–98

Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)

advertising in, 42
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and, 241

on Mahoney, 87–88

profile of, 12, 19
Sackler and, 153–154

thalidomide and, 45, 47

tobacco industry and, 155, 157

J.P. Morgan & Co., 271

Kaiser, Henry J., 125

Kaiser Permanente, 256–258

Kanegafuchi Textile Company, 124

Kasich, John, 312

Katz, Jay, 224

Kefauver, Estes, 42–50, 160–161

Kefauver-Harris Amendment (1962), 47–50, 184–185, 194, 252

Kelley, Bill, 52, 113

Kelsey, Frances, 44–48

Kennedy, John F., 21, 48–50, 130–140

Kennedy, Ted, 195, 211, 220, 297, 325

Kerr, Robert, 129

Kerr-Mills Act (1960), 129–130, 134, 139–142

Kessler, David, 220

Kindler, Jeff, 291–298

King, Cecil, 130

King-Anderson Bill, 130–131, 134, 137, 139–142

Kloepfer, William, 159–160

Koob, George, 91–92

Koop, C. Everett, 209–216, 221

Koplewitz, Harold, 171

Kramer, Larry, 218–219

Kraus, Irene, 117

L. W. Frohlich, 162

Lancet, 302

Landau, Rth, 287

Landers, Ann, 85

L&M (Liggett and Myers Tobacco), 155–156

Larrich, George, 44

Lasagna, Louis
Center for the Study of Drug Development founded by, 187–189
on cost of new drug development, 267

Drug Efficacy Study and, 185–187

on “drug lag,” 189–194, 219–222
generic drug rule changes and, 50, 194–197

Kefauver-Harris Amendment and, 47–50, 184–185, 194

National Committee to Review Current Procedures for Approval of New Drugs for Cancer and AIDS, 219

Lasker, Albert, 77–80, 87

Lasker, Mary

   biographical information, 76–77
   on birth control, 77–78, 81
   on cancer, 76, 78–79
   DeBakey and, 225
   legacy of, 88–92
   Mahoney and, 79–81
   on national health insurance, 81
   National Institutes of Health funding and, 81–88
Lasker Awards, 79, 82–84, 86–87

Lasker Foundation, 80, 87

Le Carré, John, 1, 231

Lenz, Widukind, 46

Leonov, Nikolai, 305

Lewis, Michael, 4

Librium (Hoffman–LaRoche), 161–162

life expectancy. See mortality rates

Liggeri, Enrico, 236

Lilly, Eli, 23–24

Lilly, Eli, Jr., 24

Lilly, Josiah, 23–24

Lilly

   clinical research trials of, 238
   early history of, 22–25
   insulin and, 10–11, 25–28

National Alliance for the Advancement of ADHD Care, 172

Strattera, 172, 174

Lipitor (Pfizer), 53–54, 267–272, 286–287, 289, 290, 327, 329

lobbyists. See also patient advocacy groups

AMA Political Action Committee inception, 131

insulin and, 11

as intertwined with health care industries, 12–13

Medicare Modernization Act (2003), 277

National Institutes of Health and, 88–92

patient advocacy groups funding vs., 72

ratio of lobbyists to Congress members, 22

research funding and, 7

size of health care lobby vs. defense lobby, 4

Love, Susan, 72–73

Lucky Strikes (American Tobacco Company), 156–157

Lutze, Marietta, 152

MacAdams Advertising Agency, 161

Macleod, J. J. R., 25

Magee, Mike

   career trajectory of, 4, 323–324
   medical training of, 246, 257
   at Pennsylvania Hospital, 111–114, 246, 250

at Pfizer, 1, 163–164, 235–236, 246–251, 253–254, 325

Magee, Trish, 1

Mahoney, Daniel J., Sr., 80, 83

Mahoney, Florence

biographical information, 76, 79–80

   Lasker and, 79–81
   legacy of, 88–92
   National Institutes of Health funding and, 81–88

Marino, Tom, 32

marketing and sales, 150–179

ADHD as market creation, 164–175

data management by pharmacy benefit managers, 279, 284–288, 313–314

“detail men” history, 67–68, 151, 153, 163, 187, 189

drug samples for physicians, 153, 240
of OxyContin, 175–179

OxyContin development and sales, 14–15, 32, 160, 175–179, 287, 307 (See also

opioid epidemic)

prescription profiling, 14–15, 116, 162–164

reference-pricing for, 318–320
reform for, 316–317

Sackler’s advertising career and, 150–155, 160–162
tobacco industry’s role in, 155–160

of Viagra, 258–265

Markovits, Daniel, 3

Marley, Mary (Mahoney), 80

Marshall, George, 60–62

Marshall Plan,

universal health care and, 2–3, 6, 65–66, 124–125, 137

Marx, Karl, 124

Massachusetts, health insurance system of, 122, 294

Massachusetts General Hospital, 226–227

Massachusetts Male Aging Study (1994), 245–246, 257

Massengill, Samuel Evans, 36–40

May, Charles B., 162

Mayo Clinic, 120

McBride, William, 44, 46

McConnell, Mitch, 122–123, 297

McKesson, 286, 307

McKinnell, Hank, 272–275, 291–292, 327

MD Publications, 160, 162

Meara, Ellen, 306

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF; Doctors without Borders), 232–234

Medicaid

Affordable Care Act and expansion of, 310–312

Affordable Care Act and hospitals, 110, 118

   Affordable Care Act and pharmaceutical industry, 295
   AMA and billing by, 12
   AMA’s early opposition to, 21

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 12, 99, 100, 116
expansion proposal for universal health care, 318

inception of, 142

Maximum Allowable Cost, 281

Price on, 202–203
Viagra and, 259

Medical 203, 61–62

Medical and Science Communications Associates, 160–161

Medical Corps, 69–70

medical debt/bankruptcy childhood poverty and postpartum care, 75

debt burden statistics for individuals, 304

health care emergencies and, 307–308, 310–311

medical bills of elderly, 308

“self-pay” patients and, 117

“underinsured” patients and, 122

Medical Industrial Complex (MIC). See also academic research; American Medical Association (AMA); Christian Right; government funding of medical research; insurance industry; lobbyists; marketing and sales; patient advocacy groups; pharmaceutical industry; pharmaceutical patents; research ethics

AMA’s role in, 11–22

defined, 5–6

as equal parts politics and science, 199–200

   GDP share of, 71, 105, 304, 305
   health care costs vs. social services costs, 9, 74–75, 163, 313
   intertwined nature of, defined, 10–13

National Institutes of Health

enabling and, 88–89

(See also National Institutes of Health (NIH))

New England Journal of Medicine

on health policy, 181–182
pharmaceutical industry’s role in, 22–28

profit motive of, 5–9, 313–314
as “tapeworm of American economic competitiveness,” 303–304

three pillars of, 299–300

medical training. See also academic research current model of, 19–20, 70
reform for, 315

Medical Tribune, 160–162

Medicare, 121–149

AMA’s early opposition to, 21

   Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 12, 99, 100, 116
   “doughnut hole,” 281
   expansion proposal for universal health care, 318
   fear of “Big Government” and, 121–123

hospital industry growth and, 106–110, 115

Johnson and passage of, 140–145
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals and, 102

Kennedy on, 130–140

Kerr-Mills Act (1960) and, 129–130, 134, 139–142
King-Anderson Bill and, 130–131, 134, 137, 139–142

Medicaid passage, 142 (See also Medicaid) Medicare Advantage, 121
   Part A, 142
   Part B, 142, 144
   Part C proposal, 280, 282
   Part D and Affordable Care Act, 294–295, 298

Part D and Medicare Modernization Act (2003), 276–284

Price on, 202–203

Med-Pro, 287

meningitis, Trovan use in Nigeria and, 1, 231–236, 273, 329

Menninger, William C., 60–62, 79

Merck, George W., 55, 67

Merck

academic-industrial entanglement and, 54

Bezos, Buffett, Dimon plan and, 149

Bush (Vannevar) and, 55–57, 66–69

Glimcher and, 93

on Kefauver-Harris Amendment (1962), 50

Medco and data management, 279

name recognition of, 255

statins, 268

Vioxx, 9, 273–274

me-too drugs government role in, 50, 183

Viagra and, 252

MIC. See Medical Industrial Complex

Miller, Michelle, 224

Mills, Wilbur, 140–143
Mohammed, Idris, 236

Moore, Mike, 178–179

Moral Majority, 208

Moreno, Elizabeth, 96–97

Morse, Wayne, 42

mortality rates amenable mortality, 302–303
from cancer, 73
infant mortality, 7, 25

life-expectancy in United States, 306

maternal death rates, 2–3, 98

opioid epidemic and, 307
preventable deaths caused by hospitals, 97–98, 104, 119–120

in Soviet Union, 306, 307

Mossinghoff, Gerald, 220

Mückter, Heinrich, 43

Mulinos, Michael, 156

Mulrooney, John, 32

Murray, Christopher, 302–303

muscular dystrophy, 90–91

Napp Pharmaceuticals, 175

NASCAR, 263–264

National Academy of Sciences, 56, 75

National Alliance for the Advancement of ADHD Care, 172

National Bureau of Economic Research, 229

National Cancer Act (1971), 65, 85

National Cancer Institute (NCI), 73, 82, 85

National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical Research, 229

National Commission on Social Security Reform (1982), 106

National Committee Against Mental Illness, 83

National Committee for Mental Hygiene, 59

National Committee to Review Current Procedures for Approval of New Drugs for Cancer and AIDS, 219

National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), 56–57

National Health Planning Department proposal, 320–321

National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 268

National Heart Institute, 83

National Institute of Mental Health, 77, 83, 85, 167, 169, 170

National Institute of Neurological Disease and Blindness, 84

National Institute on Alcohol and Alcoholism (NIAAA), 91–92

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 72–94

academic medical centers and grants from, 104, 105

on academic research protocol, 52

   ADHD and, 169, 171
   AIDS and, 218–219
   budget of, 7, 302

   Collins and, 91, 275
   Glimcher and, 92–93
   inception of, 65
   Lasker’s and Mahoney’s roles in, 75–88

Medical Industrial Complex enabled by, 88–89
National Institute on Alcohol and Alcoholism and, 91–92

   organization and size of, 74
   Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy and, 90–91
   patient advocacy groups and interaction with, 72–75
   reform proposal for, 317, 320–321

   research ethics and, 226
   Sackler and, 162
   on statins, 268
   Truman and, 126

National Library of Medicine, 87

National Research Act (1974), 228–230

National Research Council, 308

National Science Foundation (NSF), 64–65, 83

National War Labor Board, 105, 125

Native American hospitals,

maternal death rate and, 98

Nestor, John, 47

New England Compounding Center (NECC), 29–31

New England Journal of Medicine

on AIDS, 215

   on ethics, 226–228
   on health policy, 181–182
   International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and, 241

on patents, 49

tobacco industry and, 155

Viagra development and, 244

New York-Presbyterian Hospital (Columbia University/Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center), 103–105, 110

New York Times

   on ADHD, 164, 170, 173
   on Christian Right and health policy, 210, 211, 214
   on hospitals, 110, 115, 118

New York University, 110–111, 171

Nigeria, Trovan (Pfizer) in, 1, 231–236, 273, 329

Nightingale, Florence, 70

nitroglycerin, 255

nitrous oxide, 244–245

Nixon, Richard, 73, 85–86, 105–106, 146

No Free Lunch, 291–292

Norr, Roy, 157

Norvasc (Pfizer), 266, 290

Notes on Nursing (Nightingale), 70

Novartis, 268

Novelli, Bill, 283

Novo Nordisk, 28

Numerof, Rita, 99–100

Nuremberg Code, 223–224, 227–229, 231–232

Nurse Cadet Program, 70

nursing, post-World War II staffing of, 70

Obama, Barack. See also Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)

Affordable Care Act negotiations, 110

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act passage, 147
on Pfizer’s corporate tax inversion plans, 329

presidential election (2008), 292–293

Oberst, Byron B., 168

Office of Management and Budget, 109

Office of National Drug Control Policy, 32

Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), 55–57, 64–65, 78–79

Office of the Surgeon General Koop, 209–216, 221

National Science Foundation and, 65

on pharmacists, 182–183
on WWII psychiatric issues of military, 60–62

Ogilvy and Mather, 216

Ohio, health insurance costs in, 312

Olin Mathieson, 43

Opel, John, 197–198

Operation Coffee Cup (AMA), 134–140

Operation Hometown (AMA), 133–134

opioid epidemic

   DEA monitoring of, 31–32
   Harrison Act on, 35–36
   international opioid market, 179

mortality rate from, 307
opioid-induced constipation, 165

cover-prescribing and, 174

OxyContin development and sales, 14–15, 32, 160, 175–179, 287, 307

Pain Management Standards, 103

prescription opioid epidemic, 7

prescription profiling and, 162–163

Sackler and OxyContin, 175–179

Oregon Health Sciences University, 230

ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (OTD), 51–54

osteopathic medicine, AMA on, 18, 20, 21

Osterloh, Ian, 243–244

Pain Management Standards, 103

Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy (parentprojectmd.org), 90–91

Parexel, 239

Parke-Davis, 268
patents. See pharmaceutical patents patient advocacy groups

Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, 165, 168

financial support of (2015), 72
National Institutes of Health and, 72–75

pharmaceutical subsidization for, 28

reform for, 317

Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), 296

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA)

   AMA support for, 11–12
   expansion proposal for universal health care, 318
   hospital industry growth under, 110, 118

Massachusetts health insurance system as model for, 122, 294

Medicaid expansion under, 310–312

offshore clinical research trials and, 237

passage of, 147, 294–300

   pharmaceutical industry support for, 289–300
   public opinion of, 300
   Republican challenges to, 122–123, 147–148, 294, 295, 297, 299–300, 310

Russian interference with, 321

Pearson, Drew, 135–136

penicillin, 42, 57–58, 63–64, 226–230

Penicillin Amendment (1945), 41

Pennsylvania Hospital, 111–114, 246, 250

Pepper, Claude, 82

“Pep Pill Poisoning” (Time), 166

Pfizer, Charles, 23

Pfizer. See also Viagra

academic-industrial entanglement of, 53–54

Affordable Care Act passage and, 294–300

antibiotic pricing (1950s), 43
Celebrex, 273–275, 289, 327, 328

corporate affairs reorganization by, 246–251, 265

corporate tax inversion plans of, 292–293, 329

financial status in 2000s, 289–294

   Glimcher and, 93
   intellectual property efforts (1980s–1990s), 197–200
   Lipitor, 53–54, 267–272, 286–287, 289, 290, 327, 329
   Medical Humanities Initiative, 251

   Medicare Modernization Act (2003) and, 277
   name recognition of, 255
   Norvasc, 266, 290
   Pharmacia merger, 273–275, 327, 328

   The Relaxed Wife (film), 154
   revenue of (2017), 285
   Ritalin development and, 166–167

   Sackler and, 153–154, 166
   S.E. Massengill and, 40
   Spectrum, 153
   time line of penalties and transgressions, 325–329
   Trovan clinical trial in Nigeria, 1, 231–236, 273, 329
   Warner-Lambert merger, 267–272

during WWII, 64, 67
Zoloft, 262, 266, 290, 327

PharmaCare, 285

Pharmaceutical and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), 196, 293–300

pharmaceutical industry, 266–288.

See also academic research; marketing and sales; opioid epidemic; pharmaceutical patents; pharmaceutical regulation; research ethics; Viagra (Pfizer)

academic research funded by, 229

   Affordable Care Act passage supported by, 289–300
   on AIDS drugs, 217–220
   Canadian health care and pharmaceutical costs, 310
   direct-to-consumer advertising by, 252

drug efficacy, 48–50, 185–187
early large-scale production by, 22–23

growth of, WWII/post-WWII, 62–69

   as intertwined with other health care sectors, 12–13, 20
   Lilly history and, 23–28
   lobbyists of, 22
   as Medical Industrial Complex pillar, 299–300
   Medicare Modernization Act (2003), 276–284
   me-too drugs, 50, 183, 252, 266, 269, 280, 296
   pharmacy benefit managers, 148, 192, 279, 284–288, 307, 313–314, 320

   on Prescription Drug User Fee Act, 219–222
   pricing increases (2017), 7
   size and revenue of, 241, 266–276

Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, 157, 160, 219–220

Pharmaceutical Manufacturers of America, 50

pharmaceutical patents, 180–200

Center for the Study of Drug Development founding, 187–189

Drug Efficacy Study and, 185–187

generic drugs and, 50, 194–197, 289

Kefauver-Harris Amendment (1962) and, 47–50, 184–185, 194
Lasagna on “drug lag,” 189–194, 219–222

   Medical Industrial Complex as equal parts politics and science, 199–200
   New England Journal of Medicine on health policy, 181–182
   patent transfer example, 180–181
   Pfizer’s expired patents and revenue decline, 290

pharmacists’ status during WWII, 182–183

research ethics and clinical research trials, 238
trade agreements and, 197–199

pharmaceutical regulation, 29–50. See also individual legislation

of compounding pharmacies, 29–31
early antibiotic pricing practices and, 42–43

in early nineteenth century, 31
in early twentieth century, 33–41

Ensuring Patient Access and Effective Drug Enforcement (2016), 32
Massengill’s liquid sulfanilamide and, 36–40

patents and, 49–50
polio and, 41–42

Pharmacia, 273–275, 327, 328

Philip Morris, 155, 156

phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), 243–244

physicians. See also American Medical Association (AMA);

marketing and sales AMA as intertwined with health care industries, 10–22
compensation of, 105, 309

corporate-employed physicians, 117–118

hospital-employed physicians (2015–2017), 111

patient-physician relationship and Viagra

   marketing, 251
   Physician Masterfile database of AMA, 14–15, 116
   post-WWII staffing of, 69–70

top-admitters at hospitals, 111–114

training of, 19–20, 70, 31

wages of, during Great Depression, 105

wages since ACA passage, 12

“pink-washing,” 72–73

Planned Parenthood Federation, 77–78

polio, 41–42

Porter-Novelli, 283

Poussot, Bernard, 292

PPD International, 239

PRA Health Sciences, 239

Pratt, Ed, 197–199, 247–248

Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), 219–222

prescription profiling

Physician Masterfile database of AMA and, 14–15, 116

reform for, 317

Sackler and, 162–164

Prestige Brands Holdings, 40

Price, Tom, 91, 202–203

Psychosomatics, 161

publications ghostwriters used by, 154, 242

reform for, 316

Public Health Serve Act (1944), 41

Purdue Frederick, 160, 175–179

Purdue Pharma, 14–15

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), 34–35

Quintiles, 239

race issues
Christian Right and, 208–209
hospital segregation, 143
maternal death rate in United States, 98

Sanger and, 77

Radcliffe Infirmary, 63–64

Rand Corporation, 66, 124–125

Raytheon, 56

Reader’s Digest, 157

Reagan, Nancy, 133, 214

Reagan, Ronald. See also Christian Right

AARP and, 282
on AIDS, 212–217
as AMA spokesman, 133–140
as GE spokesman, 132–133, 136

Hatch-Waxman Act (1984) and, 196

hospitals and, 106
Koop and, 209–216, 221
on “piracy,” 198–199
presidential election (1980) and, 208

Robinson and, 247
Soviet Union collapse and, 305–307

Red Cross, 58, 232, 263
reform, proposal for, 314–322

Regions Hospital (St. Paul, Minnesota), 95–96 regulation. See pharmaceutical regulation

Reinhardt, Paul, 76–77

Reinhardt, Uwe, 2

Relative Value Scale Update (AMA), 12

Relaxed Wife, The (Pfizer film), 154

religion and health policy. See Christian Right

Relman, Arnold, 181–182

reproductive health care. See also Christian Right
abortion, 7, 203–206, 208–210
birth control, 77–78, 81, 203–205, 254

research ethics, 223–242
contract research organizations and, 237–239

FDA Amendment Act (2007) on, 241–242

FDA Modernization Act (1997) on, 240–241

unding of research and, 224–225

Nuremberg Code, 223–224, 227–229, 231–232
Trovan clinical trial in Nigeria and, 1, 231–236, 273, 329
Tuskegee Study and, 226–230
United States-based clinical trials and, 238, 239–240

Restasis (Allergan, Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe), 180–181

Rexar, 169–170, 173

rhythm method, 204

Richards, Alfred Newton, 67

Richardson-Merrell, 44–48

Richwood Pharmaceutical, 169–170

Right to Live, the Right to Die, The (Koop), 210

RigiScan, 245

Ritalin, 165–167, 174

RJ Reynolds, 156, 212

RJR Nabisco, 267

Robertson, Pat, 207, 216

Robinson, James D., III, 247

Robinson, Linda, 247–249, 254, 256, 259, 267, 270

Robinson Lerer & Montgomery, 256

Rocephin (Hoffman–LaRoche), 235

Roche Labs, 161–162

Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 25, 27

Rockefeller Foundation, 27

Rockefeller University, 110

rod of Asclepius, 10

Roerig, 153

Roe v. Wade, 204–205, 208, 210

Rogaine, 249

Romney, Mitt, 122, 294

Roosevelt, Franklin D.

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938), 39

polio of, 41
“Science: The Endless Frontier,” 83
Social Security and, 36, 125
WWII medical research and, 56–57, 64–65

Rosenman, Ray, 158–159

Rosenman, Samuel, 83

Rosenthal, Elisabeth, 115

Rothman, Richard, 112–114

RPE65 gene, 301–302

Rush, Benjamin, 16–17, 111, 114

Ryan, Paul, 305

Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act, 220

Sackler, Arthur M.
ADHD stimulants and, 166

DeBakey and, 225
early advertising career of, 150–155

Medical Tribune of, 160–162

OxyContin and, 175–179

prescription profiling by, 162–164

Sackler, Else Finnich Jorgensen, 151–152, 161

Sackler, Mortimer, 151, 175

Sackler, Raymond, 151, 175–176

Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe, 180–181

sales, by pharmaceutical industry. See marketing and sales

Salk, Jonas, 41

Salmon, Thomas W., 59

Sanger, Margaret, 77

Sanofi, 28

Sarepta Therapeutics, 90–91

Schatz, Irwin, 225–226

Schering AG, 152

Schill, Michael H., 110
Schwarz, Alan, 164, 170, 173

Schweiker, Richard, 210–211

Science: The Endless Frontier (Bush), 64, 88

“Science: The Endless Frontier” (Roosevelt), 83

S.E. Massengill Company, 36–40, 225

Selective Service, 59–60

Selye, Hans, 158–159

700 Club, The (Christian Broadcasting Network), 207–208

sexual orientation, Bryant and Falwell on, 206, 215.

See also AIDS/HIV; Christian Right

Shadid, Michael, 20

Shannon, James, 85, 86

Sharp & Dohme, 68

Sherley Amendment, 35, 39

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890), 20, 34

Shire, 170, 172

Shkreli, Martin, 196

Siegel, Michael, 92

Silver, Larry B., 170

Skinner, Jonathan, 306

Smith, Charles, 56

Smith, Jean Kennedy, 325

Smith, Kline & French, 42, 43–44, 165–167

SmithKline, 40

SmithKline Beecham, 285

“socialized medicine”
AMA on Medicare as, 21, 130–140
AMA on Truman’s call for national health

   insurance, 6, 81, 126–127
   tobacco industry and, 156
   universal health insurance and overcoming concept of, 321

Social Security

Eisenhower on, 128
Medicare funding and, 141

Social Security Act (1935), 36, 125

Somervell, Brehon B., 70

Southern Baptist Convention, 205

Soviet Union collapse, 305–307

Spark Therapeutics, 301–302

Spectrum (Pfizer), 153

Squibb, 57–58

Stafford, John, 270

Starr, Paul, 103

statins

Lipitor, 53–54, 267–272, 286–287, 289, 290, 327, 329

research, 229–230

Steere, Bill

Kindler and, 291, 298

Pfizer mergers and acquisitions, 270–272

as Pratt’s successor, 199–200
Trovan trial in Nigeria and, 233–236

Viagra and, 248–249, 252–253, 264

stem cell research, 221

Stephenson, James, 37

Stil, Andrew Taylor, 18

Strattera (Lilly), 172, 174

suicide, 307

sulfanilamide, 36–40, 57

Sullivan, Harry Stack, 59–60

surgeon general. See Office of the Surgeon General

Susan G. Komen, 72–73

Sweden

health care goals of, 313

medical bills of elderly in, 308

Switzerland

health care costs in, 309–310

medical bills of elderly in, 308 r

esearch and development in, 74

syphilis, 58, 226–230

Tarbell, Ida, 34

Taussig, Helen, 47

Taylor, Elizabeth, 214

Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program, 203

Tenet Health Care, 117

tetracycline, 42

Teva Pharmaceuticals, 180–18

thalidomide, 43–48

Thiry, Kent, 8–9

Thomas Jefferson University, 113–114

Tighe, Bill, 32

Time (magazine), 166, 170–171

tobacco

Koop on, 211–212
Price on, 202–203
tobacco industry on “socialized medicine,” 155–160
Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC), 157–160

torcetrapib (Pfizer), 291

Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS), 197–199

“Triple Aim,” 119–120

Trovan (Pfizer), 1, 231–236, 273, 329

Truman, Bess, 142–143

Truman, Harry

Medicare passage and, 142–143
on national health insurance, 20–21, 65–66, 81, 125–127
National Science Foundation inception and, 64–65
tobacco industry and, 156

Trump, Donald
on Affordable Care Act, 123, 147–148

Christian Right and health policy of, 202–203, 221–222
on Department of Health and Human Services, 10–12
on health insurance complexity, 2
on National Institute of Health budget, 302

on Office of National Drug Control Policy, 32

Tulsa County Medical Society, 37

Tunney, John, 84

Turing Pharmaceuticals, 196

Tuskegee Study, 226–230

20/20 (ABC), 253–254

Type A Behavior and Your Heart (Friedman, Rosenman), 158–159

UK-92480, 244

Umbdenstock, Rich, 120

Understanding AIDS (Surgeon General), 216

uninsured/underinsured people. See medical debt/bankruptcy United for Life, 203

UnitedHealthcare
Affordable Care Act and, 292

Diversified Pharmaceutical Services and, 264–265
Diversified Prescription Delivery, 285

Medicare Advantage investigation, 121

Medicare Modernization Act (2003) and, 276, 284
pharmacy benefit managers and, 279

profit margin of, 122

United Kingdom. See Britain

United States government. See government funding of medical research; pharmaceutical regulation; individual government agencies; individual legislation; individual names of presidents

United States v. Johnson (1911), 35

universal health insurance, 121–149, 301–322.

See also “socialized medicine” access and equality, 321–322

   Affordable Care Act challenges and, 122–123
   Blue Cross and Blue Shield programs and, 125
   in Canada, 123–124

cancer mortality rates and, 73
changing demographics and, 303–304, 308

consolidating oversight for, 319–321

county health departments vs., 66

   Eisenhower on, 127–129
   for elderly (See Medicare)
   in Germany, 124–125
   high costs and low performance of current system vs., 301–303, 305–306, 313–314

Kerr-Mills Act (1960) and, 129–130, 134, 139–142
King-Anderson Bill and, 130–131, 134, 137, 139–142

   Marshall Plan and, 2–3, 6, 65–66, 124–125, 137
   public opinion of, 304–305
   reform proposal for, 314–321
   Roosevelt and Social Security, 125

Truman on, 20–21, 64–66, 65–66, 81, 83, 125–127, 125–128, 142–143
United States vs. universal systems of other countries, 306–313

University of California, San Francisco, 229–230

University of Pennsylvania, 51–54, 111–114

University of Toronto, 26–27

University of Wisconsin, 14–15

Upjohn, 43, 328

US Armed Forces recruitment (World War II), 59–60, 82

US Army Biological Warfare Laboratories, 55

US Army Medical Corps, 79

US Chamber of Commerce, 297

US Council on Business, 198–199

US Customs Service, 33

US Department of Agriculture, 31

US Department of Education, 168

US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW)
Eisenhower and, 128
Kennedy and, 49
National Institutes of Health and, 74

Office of Surgeon General and, 65

Price and, 91

US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). See also Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

Affordable Care Act and, 295
Azar and, 10–11
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, 102
Medicare Modernization Act (2003) and, 284
on Pfizer, 328

Price and, 12

Reagan and, 210–211, 213–215, 217, 218

Trump on, 202–203

US Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration, 31, 178

on OxyContin, 287
Pfizer investigations, 326–327, 329

on Selye, 159

US Public Health Corps, 212–213

US Public Health Service, 33, 82, 228

US Surgeon General. See Office of the Surgeon General

vaccination, during World War II, 57

Valium (Hoffman–LaRoche), 161–162

“value-based pricing,” 28

venereal disease, 58, 226–230

Vfend (Pfizer), 273

Viagra (Pfizer), 243–265

Brooklyn plant used for, 64

development of, 243–246
erectile dysfunction terminology, 246

FDA approval of, 251–254

insurance coverage for, 254–258
media launch and advertising, 254–261, 263–264

Pfizer research and development expenditures, 274
Pfizer’s corporate affairs reorganization and, 246–251, 265

product safety of, 255–258

promotion of, 1–2
sales, 258–265
women’s use of, 254

Vioxx (Merck & Company), 9, 273–274

Visser, Susanna, 174

von Eschenbach, Andrew, 73

Vonnegut, Mark, 169

Wall Street Journal
on hospitals, 98–99
on Russian interference to Affordable Care Act, 321

Walterspiel, Juan, 233–234

Warner, William, 267

Warner-Lambert, 267–272

“War on Cancer,” 73, 85–86

War Production Board, 63–64

Washington, George, 16

Washington Post

on amendable mortality, 302–303

on Medicare, 282
on thalidomide, 47–48
on Trovan, 235

Waters Corporation, 93

Watkins, Harold Cole, 37, 40

Waxman, Henry, 195–196, 211, 213

Weill, Sanford, 93

Weill Cornell Medical College, 53–54, 93, 103–105

Weisman, Joel, 212

Welch, Henry, 162

Wender, Paul, 172

Wennberg, Jack, 118–119

Weyrich, Paul Michael, 205–206, 209

Whatever Happened to the Human Race? (Koop), 210

Whitaker and Baxter, 20–21

White, Ryan, 215, 220

William Douglas McAdams (advertising agency), 152, 154, 161

Wilson, Charles E., 127
Wilson, James M., 51–54

Women’s Christian Temperance Union, 33

Woodard, Frank Elwin, 76

World Health Organization, 115, 232, 233

World Trade Organization, 199
World War II

28Marshall Plan, 2–3, 6, 65–66, 124–125, 137

medical research in United States during (See government funding of medical research)
Nuremberg Code and, 223–224, 227–229, 231–232
pharmaceutical industry growth and, 62–69

post-WWII health care staffing, 69–71

psychiatric illnesses of military personnel, 58–62

Wyeth, 292–293, 328, 329

Yankelovich Group, 250

Yobs, Anne R., 226

Yoest, Charmaine, 203

Zakhari, Samir, 92–93

Zoloft (Pfizer), 262, 266, 290, 327